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Several methods exist to assess star tracker availability under both static and dynamic imaging conditions. However, these methods typically make various idealizations that can limit the accuracy of these results. This study aims to increase the fidelity of star tracker availability modeling by accounting for the effects of detection logic and pixel saturation on star detection. We achieve this by developing an analytical model for the focal plane intensity distribution of a star in the presence of sensor slew. Using the developed model, we examine the effects of slew rate on star detection using simulations and lab tests. The developed approach allows us to determine the maximum slew rate for which a star of a given stellar magnitude can still be detected. This information can then be used to describe the availability of a star tracker attitude solution as a function of slew rate, both spatially, across the entire celestial sphere, or locally, along a specified orientation track.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140303939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,26]],"date-time":"2014-02-26T11:03:00Z","timestamp":1393412580000},"page":"3939-3964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ground Testing Strategies for Verifying the Slew Rate Tolerance of Star Trackers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tom","family":"Dzamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Enright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2002.1008988","article-title":"Accuracy performance of star trackers\u2014A tutorial","volume":"38","author":"Liebe","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2009.01.045","article-title":"Autonomous star tracker performance","volume":"65","author":"Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1117\/12.461606","article-title":"SIRTF autonomous star tracker","volume":"4850","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzamba, T., and Enright, J. (2013, January 2\u20139). Optical Trades for Evolving a Small Arcsecond Star Tracker. Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2013.6497172"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Hancock, B., Stirbl, R., Cunningham, T., Pain, B., Wrigley, C., and Ringold, P. (2001, January 24\u201325). CMOS Active Pixel Sensor Specific Performance Effects on Star."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Liebe, C., Alkalai, L., Domingo, G., Hancock, B., Hunter, D., Mellstrom, J., Ruiz, I., Sepulveda, C., and Pain, B. (2002, January 9\u201316). Micro APS Based Star Tracker. Big Sky, MT, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1137\/1007077","article-title":"Problem 65-1: A least squares estimate of satellite attitude","volume":"7","author":"Wahba","year":"1965","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuster, M., and Oh, S. (1981). Three-axis attitude determination from vector observations. J. Guid. Control, 70\u201377.","DOI":"10.2514\/3.19717"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spratling, B., and Mortari, D. (2009). A survey on star identification algorithms. 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Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Product Flyer Image Sensors\u2014MT9V022IA7ATM\u2014Aptina Imaging. Available online: http:\/\/www.aptina.com\/products\/imagesensors\/mt9v022ia7atm."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hoffleit, E.D., and Warren, W.H. Available online: http:\/\/tdc-www.harvard.edu\/catalogs\/bsc5.html."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Marantis, L., Witte, E.D., and Brennan, P. (2009, January 23\u201327). Comparison of Various Spherical Antenna Array Element Distributions. Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Enright, J., Sinclair, D., and Dzamba, T. The Things You Can\u00c2\u0160t Ignore: Evolving a Sub-Arcsecond Star Tracker. 13\u201316 August 2012."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"123","article-title":"Education notes\/rubrique p\u00c3l'dagogique\u2014Stellar magnitudes and photon fluxes","volume":"87","author":"Reed","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Roy. Astron. Soc. Can."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Product Flyer Image Sensors\u2014MT9V022IA7ATM\u2014Aptina Imaging. Available online: http:\/\/www.aptina.com\/products\/imagesensors\/mt9v022ia7atm."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Green, D. (1992). Magnitude corrections for atmospheric extinction. Int. Comet Quat., 55\u201359."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horvath, H. (1993). Atmospheric light absorption\u2014A review. Atmos. Environ. Part A Gen. Top., 293\u2013317.","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90104-7"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC","volume":"79","author":"Hess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. 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The aspect ratio of a building is one of the most important determinants of energy efficiency. It defines the building surface area by which heat is transferred between the interior and exterior environment. It also defines the amount of building area that is subject to solar gain. The extent to which this can be beneficial or detrimental depends on the aspect ratio and climate. This paper evaluates the relationship between the geometry of buildings and location to identify a design vernacular for energy-efficient designs across Canada.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings4030336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]],"date-time":"2014-07-09T11:18:18Z","timestamp":1404904698000},"page":"336-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["The Effect of Building Aspect Ratio on Energy Efficiency:  A Case Study for Multi-Unit Residential Buildings in Canada"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"McKeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Science, 325 Church Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chiras, D. (2002). The Solar House: Passive Heating and Cooling, Chelsea Green Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binkley, C., Touchie, M., and Presnail, K. Energy consumption trends of multi-unit residential buildings in the city of Toronto. Available online:http:\/\/www.towerwise.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/TAF-MURB-Energy-Performance-Report-Phase-II.pdf.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.07.068"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) (2008). Survey of Household Energy Use 2007\u2014Detailed Statistical Report."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Straube, J., and Burnett, E. (2005). Building Science for Building Enclosures, Building Science Press, Pennsylvania State University."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"RDH Building Engineering Limited Energy Consumption and Conservation in Mid and High-Rise Residential Buildings in British Columbia, Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation Research Report. Available online:http:\/\/www.hpo.bc.ca\/sites\/www.hpo.bc.ca\/files\/download\/Report\/MURB-EnergyStudy-Report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Danielski, I., Fr\u00f6ling, M., and Joelsson, A. The Impact of the Shape Factor on Final Energy Demand in Residential Buildings in Nordic Climates. Available online:http:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:532979\/FULLTEXT01.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"26","article-title":"Setting Air Tightness Standards","volume":"47","author":"Fennell","year":"2005","journal-title":"ASHRAE J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2011.04.027","article-title":"Parametric investigation of geometric form effects on solar potential of housing units","volume":"85","author":"Hachem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Hirsch, J.J. Available online:http:\/\/www.doe2.com\/eQuest\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Canadian Home Builders\u2019 Association (CHBA) The CHBA Poll. Available online:http:\/\/www.chba.ca\/uploads\/pulse%20survey%20results\/main%20report2012.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1\u20142007 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, ASHRAE."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hill, D. Available online:http:\/\/www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca\/odpub\/pdf\/63280.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"RDH Building Engineering Limited Air Leakage Control in Multi-Unit Residential Buildings, Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation Research Report. Available online:http:\/\/rdh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Air-Leakage-Control-in-Multi-Unit-Residential-Buildings.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) (2009). ASHRAE Handbook\u2014Fundamentals, ASHRAE."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Environment Canada, Canadian Climate Normals 1971\u20132000. Vancouver Toronto, National Climate Data and Information Archive. Available online:http:\/\/climate.weather.gc.ca\/climateData\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hutcheon, N., and Handegord, G. (1983). Building Science for a Cold Climate, National Research Council of Canada."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Townsend, A., and Ueno, K. (2008). Effects of Air Conditioner Sizing on Energy Consumption and Peak Demand in a Hot-Dry Climate, American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. 2008 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Building."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/4\/3\/336\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:13:28Z","timestamp":1760217208000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/4\/3\/336"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings4030336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings4030336","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/ryerson.14637030.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/ryerson.14637030","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/ryerson.14637030.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/ryerson.14637030","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T12:03:14Z","timestamp":1784030594760,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have shown that anaerobic co-digestion (AnCoD) is superior to conventional anaerobic digestion (AD). The benefits of enhanced bioenergy production and solids reduction using co-substrates have attracted researchers to study the co-digestion technology and to better understand the effect of multi substrates on digester performance. This review will discuss the results of such studies with the main focus on: (1) generally the advantages of co-digestion over mono-digestion in terms of system stability, bioenergy, and solids reduction; (2) microbial consortia diversity and their synergistic impact on biogas improvement; (3) the effect of digester mode, i.e., multi-stage versus single stage digestion on AnCoD. It is essential to note that the studies reported improvement in the synergy and diverse microbial consortia when using co-digestion technologies, in addition to higher biomethane yield when using two-stage mode. A good example would be the co-digestion of biodiesel waste and glycerin with municipal waste sludge in a two-stage reactor resulting in 100% increase of biogas and 120% increase in the methane content of the produced biogas with microbial population dominated by Methanosaeta and Methanomicrobium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en12061106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T12:28:01Z","timestamp":1553171281000},"page":"1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":295,"title":["A Review on Anaerobic Co-Digestion with a Focus on the Microbial Populations and the Effect of Multi-Stage Digester Configuration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anahita","family":"Rabii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Aldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaser","family":"Dahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsayed","family":"Elbeshbishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.01.040","article-title":"Municipal solid waste (MSW) as a renewable source of energy: Current and future practices in China","volume":"101","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. 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Therefore, a scoping review was performed on this subject matter to understand what is known about exposure and identify knowledge gaps. A literature search was performed on three databases: ProQuest, Web of Science, and PubMed. Articles published between 2005 and 2020 and written in English were included. Overall, this review consisted of 39 full-text articles. The studies varied with respect to design, sample sizes, sample collection times, and drugs examined. Many articles found at least one sample had detectable levels of a hazardous drug. Studies reported urinary drug contamination despite controls being employed. Knowledge gaps included a lack of an exposure limit, lack of a standardized sampling method, and lack of correlation between health effects and urinary contamination levels. Due to differences in sample collection and analysis, a comparison between studies was not possible. Nevertheless, it appears that biological monitoring via urine sampling is meaningful to aid in understanding healthcare workers\u2019 exposure to hazardous drugs. This is supported by the fact that most studies reported positive urine samples and that case-control studies had statistically significant findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app122111170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T04:15:23Z","timestamp":1667535323000},"page":"11170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biological Monitoring via Urine Samples to Assess Healthcare Workers\u2019 Exposure to Hazardous Drugs: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8893-710X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Yip","family":"Hon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3921-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naqiyah","family":"Motiwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.56.6.354","article-title":"Preventing Occupational Exposures to Antineoplastic Drugs in Health Care Settings","volume":"56","author":"Connor","year":"2006","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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The optimum tilt angle and orientation were determined using isotropic and anisotropic diffuse sky radiation models (isotropic and anisotropic models). The four isotropic models giving varying optimum tilt angles in the range of 37 to 44\u00b0. On the other hand, results of the four anisotropic models were more consistent, with optimum tilt angles ranging between 46\u201347\u00b0. Both types of models indicated that the collector tilt should be changed four times a year to receive more solar radiation. The results also indicate that the solar panel should be installed with orientation west or east of due south with a flatter tilt angle. A 15\u00b0 change in orientation west or east of due south results in less than 1% reduction of the total solar radiation received. For a given optimum tilt angle, the effect of photovoltaic\/thermal (PV\/T) orientation west or east of due south on the outlet temperature was determined using a one-dimensional steady state heat transfer model. It was found that there is less than 1.5% decrease in outlet temperature for a PV\/T panel oriented up to 15\u00b0 east or west of due south from March to December. This result indicates that existing roofs with orientations angles up to 15\u00b0 east or west of due south can be retrofitted with a PV\/T system without changing the roof shape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su11226443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T11:25:56Z","timestamp":1573817156000},"page":"6443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Optimum Tilt Angle and Orientation of Photovoltaic Thermal System for Application in Greater Toronto Area, Canada"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-4545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getu","family":"Hailu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan S.","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"OECD\/IEA (2011). 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However, the autonomous navigation capability of UAVs is aggravated in GPS-deprived areas such as indoors. As a result, vision-based control and guidance methods are sought. In this paper, a vision-based target-tracking problem is formulated in the form of a cascaded adaptive nonlinear Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy. The proposed algorithm takes the kinematics\/dynamics of the system, as well as physical and image constraints into consideration. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is designed to estimate uncertain and\/or time-varying parameters of the model. The control space is first divided into low and high levels, and then, they are parameterised via orthonormal basis network functions, which makes the optimisation- based control scheme computationally less expensive, therefore suitable for real-time implementation. A 2-DoF model helicopter, with a coupled nonlinear pitch\/yaw dynamics, equipped with a front-looking monocular camera, was utilised for hypothesis testing and evaluation via experiments. Simulated and experimental results show that the proposed method allows the model helicopter to servo toward the target efficiently in real-time while taking kinematic and dynamic constraints into account. The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement and promising.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6050127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T09:27:56Z","timestamp":1652520476000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Cascaded and Adaptive Visual Predictive Control Approach for Real-Time Dynamic Visual Servoing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0616-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina","family":"Sajjadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0941-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehran","family":"Mehrandezh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farrokh","family":"Janabi-Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2007.339609","article-title":"Visual servo control. 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This research aims to develop a novel real-time planning algorithm that can handle unpredictable human movements by both slowing down task execution and modifying the robot\u2019s path based on the proximity of the human operator. To achieve this, an efficient method for updating the robot\u2019s motion is developed using a two-fold control approach that combines B-splines and hidden Markov models. This allows the algorithm to adapt to a changing environment and avoid collisions. The proposed framework is thus validated using the Franka Emika Panda robot in a simple start\u2013goal task. Our algorithm successfully avoids collision with the moving hand of an operator monitored by a fixed camera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics12040118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:14:38Z","timestamp":1692353678000},"page":"118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Online Motion Planning for Safe Human\u2013Robot Cooperation Using B-Splines and Hidden Markov Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2230-8191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Braglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department Enzo Ferrari, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5312-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Tagliavini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ideativa, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9263-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Pini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department Enzo Ferrari, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2343-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Biagiotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department Enzo Ferrari, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-015-9528-y","article-title":"Learning Potential Functions from Human Demonstrations with Encapsulated Dynamic and Compliant Behaviors","volume":"41","author":"Khatib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Auton. 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Palythine, asterina-330, shinorine, palythinol, porphyra-334 and usujirene MAAs were identified in the macroalgal extracts by LC\/MS\/MS. Extract reducing activity rankings were (p &lt; 0.001): wild P. palmata &gt; cultivated C. crispus = wild M. stellatus &gt; wild low-UV C. crispus &gt; wild high-UV C. crispus; whereas oxygen radical absorbance capacities were (p &lt; 0.001): wild M. stellatus &gt; wild P. palmata &gt; cultivated C. crispus &gt; wild low-UV C. crispus &gt; wild high-UV C. crispus. Extracts were antiproliferative against HeLa and U-937 cells (p &lt; 0.001) from 0.125\u20134 mg\/mL, 24 h. Wild P. palmata and cultivated C. crispus extracts increased (p &lt; 0.001) HeLa caspase-3\/7 activities and the proportion of cells arrested at Sub G1 (apoptotic) compared to wild-harvested C. crispus and M. stellatus extracts. HeLa cells incubated with wild P. palmata and cultivated C. crispus extracts also exhibited morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis (shrinkage, rounding). Thus, extracts rich in low-polarity usujirene and polar palythine and asterina-330 MAAs were antiproliferative as inducers of apoptosis in HeLa cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21010119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T11:36:13Z","timestamp":1453462573000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities and Mycosporine-Like Amino Acid Profiles of Wild-Harvested and Cultivated Edible Canadian Marine Red Macroalgae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yasantha","family":"Athukorala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Trang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrow, C., and Shahidi, F. 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The main criteria behind providing an interactive interface are to generate kinesthetic feedback and relay information actively from the haptic device. Sensors and feedback control apparatus are of paramount importance in designing and manufacturing a haptic device. In general, haptic technology can be implemented in different applications such as gaming, teleoperation, medical surgeries, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) devices. This paper classifies the application of haptic devices based on the construction and functionality in various fields, followed by addressing major limitations related to haptics technology and discussing prospects of this technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics10010029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T03:34:02Z","timestamp":1612496042000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["An Application-Based Review of Haptics Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gowri Shankar","family":"Giri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5180-782X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaser","family":"Maddahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Tactile Robotics, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0603-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kourosh","family":"Zareinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.02.120","article-title":"Haptic Technology: A comprehensive review on its applications and future prospects","volume":"4","author":"Sreelakshmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. 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This results in pulmonary edema and severe hypoxemia and is a common cause of death after both viral (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) and bacterial pneumonia. The involvement of the lung in ARDS is notoriously heterogeneous, with consolidated and edematous lung abutting aerated, less injured regions. This makes treatment difficult, as most therapeutic approaches preferentially affect the normal lung regions or are distributed indiscriminately to other organs. In this review, we describe the use of thoracic ultrasound and microbubbles (USMB) to deliver therapeutic cargo (drugs, genes) preferentially to severely injured areas of the lung and in particular to the lung endothelium. While USMB has been explored in other organs, it has been under-appreciated in the treatment of lung injury since ultrasound energy is scattered by air. However, this limitation can be harnessed to direct therapy specifically to severely injured lungs. We explore the cellular mechanisms governing USMB and describe various permutations of cargo administration. Lastly, we discuss both the challenges and potential opportunities presented by USMB in the lung as a tool for both therapy and research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T21:56:37Z","timestamp":1626126997000},"page":"803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Ultrasound and Microbubbles for Targeted Drug Delivery to the Lung Endothelium in ARDS: Cellular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Sanwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kushal","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihails","family":"Ditmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott S. H.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1788-6587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren L.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57613-8_4","article-title":"Endothelial Cells","volume":"1003","author":"Sturtzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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The higher inter-stage superheating of CO2 makes it difficult to predict the effects of the intercooling on heating performance of a two-stage transcritical CO2 cycle. In addition, very little is known about the potential of inter-stage heat rejection recovery in the heating performance enhancement of this cycle. In order to explore the effects of intercooling and inter-stage heat rejection recovery potential, three \u201csub-cycles\u201d\u2014(1) a sub-cycle with heat recovery, (2) a sub-cycle without heat recovery, and (3) a sub-cycle without intercooling\u2014were modeled in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software for three commonly-used two-stage transcritical cycles: (1) an intercooler cycle, (2) a flash cycle, and (3) a split cycle. Then, the discharge pressure and intermediate pressure were simultaneously optimized. Based on the optimization results, the heating performance of the sub-cycles for each cycle were compared. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of intercooling without heat recovery was detrimental to the heating performance in comparison to the absence of intercooling. It is also clear that there is a great potential for heating performance improvement through inter-stage heat recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en12244763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T11:27:22Z","timestamp":1576236442000},"page":"4763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Intercooling and Inter-Stage Heat Recovery on the Performance of Two-Stage Transcritical CO2 Cycles for Residential Heating Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Juanli","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mhanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0218-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Brands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan S.","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2003.09.002","article-title":"Fundamental process and system design issues in CO2 vapor compression systems","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. 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Refrig."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/24\/4763\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:42:09Z","timestamp":1760190129000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/24\/4763"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["en12244763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en12244763","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/23811258.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/23811258","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/23811258","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/23811258.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:14:44Z","timestamp":1784135684222,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada under Discovery","award":["Grant # 2017-06930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant # 2017-06930"]}]},{"name":"Ryerson Dean of Engineering and Architectural Science Research Fund (DRF) and Ontario Trillium Scholarship (OTS)","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aerial continuum manipulation systems (ACMSs) were newly introduced by integrating a continuum robot (CR) into an aerial vehicle to address a few issues of conventional aerial manipulation systems such as safety, dexterity, flexibility and compatibility with objects. Despite the earlier work on decoupled dynamic modeling of ACMSs, their coupled dynamic modeling still remains intact. Nonlinearity and complexity of CR modeling make it difficult to design a coupled ACMS model suitable for practical applications. This paper presents a coupled dynamic modeling for ACMSs based on the Euler\u2013Lagrange formulation to deal with CR and the aerial vehicle as a unified system. For this purpose, a general vertical take-off and landing vehicle equipped with a tendon-driven continuum arm is considered to increase the dexterity and compliance of interactions with the environment. The presented model is independent of the motor\u2019s configuration and tilt angles and can be applied to model any under\/fully actuated ACMS. The modeling approach is complemented with a Lyapunov-wise stable adaptive sliding mode control technique to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method for such a complex system. Simulation results in free flight motion scenarios are reported to verify the effectiveness of the proposed modeling and control techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11199108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T10:22:42Z","timestamp":1632997362000},"page":"9108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Coupled Dynamic Modeling and Control of Aerial Continuum Manipulation Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3223-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Samadikhoshkho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6254-8341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahab","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farrokh","family":"Janabi-Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M.F., Lima, J.L., Reis, L.P., Sanfeliu, A., and Tardioli, D. 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It was observed that EMPW generated an annular (or ring-shaped) bonding area, with weld zones and a central non-weld zone when viewed from the cross section. Two types of failure modes occurred in relation to the cyclic loading levels: base metal fracture or transverse through-thickness (TTT) crack growth at a higher loading level, and joint interfacial failure at a lower loading level. In the interfacial failure, fatigue crack initiated from the outer edge of annular welding area, and propagated to form an approximate elliptical boundary. Fatigue crack propagation was characterized by fatigue striations existing in discrete areas on the fracture surface. This was attributed to a coupled role of shear and normal stresses present in a tensile lap shear sample due to the bending moment caused by the inherent misalignment. The final rapid fracture started from elliptical boundary with elongated shear dimples. Both theoretical stress analysis and finite element model revealed the maximum stress and stress concentration along the outer edge, where fatigue crack initiation occurred.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12203368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T03:32:54Z","timestamp":1571196774000},"page":"3368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Fracture Characteristics and Analysis in Dissimilar Cu-Al Alloy Joints Formed via Electromagnetic Pulse Welding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8721-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3420-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daolun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics and Mechanics, Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Yangliu Road 2, Chongqing 401123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunqi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Huixing Road 519, Zigong 643000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianquan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027917","article-title":"An investigation of magnetic pulse welding of Al\/Cu and interface characterization","volume":"136","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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Metals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/met8040229"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/20\/3368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:26:31Z","timestamp":1760189191000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/20\/3368"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma12203368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12203368","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/23822688.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/23822688","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/23822688","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/23822688.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:26:40Z","timestamp":1772252800715,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is an emerging pollutant commonly found in industrial wastewater, owing to its extensive usage as an additive in the manufacturing industry. PVA\u2019s popularity has made wastewater treatment technologies for PVA degradation a popular research topic in industrial wastewater treatment. Although many PVA degradation technologies are studied in bench-scale processes, recent advancements in process optimization and control of wastewater treatment technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) show the feasibility of these processes by monitoring and controlling processes to meet desired regulatory standards. These wastewater treatment technologies exhibit complex reaction mechanisms leading to nonlinear and nonstationary behavior related to variability in operational conditions. Thus, black-box dynamic modeling is a promising tool for designing control schemes since dynamic modeling is more complicated in terms of first principles and reaction mechanisms. This study seeks to provide a survey of process control methods via a comprehensive review focusing on PVA degradation methods, including biological and advanced oxidation processes, along with their reaction mechanisms, control-oriented dynamic modeling (i.e., state-space, transfer function, and artificial neural network modeling), and control strategies (i.e., proportional-integral-derivative control and predictive control) associated with wastewater treatment technologies utilized for PVA degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments8110116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T22:00:23Z","timestamp":1635372023000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Recent Advances in Dynamic Modeling and Process Control of PVA Degradation by Biological and Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Review on Trends and Advances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yi-Ping","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramdhane","family":"Dhib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehrab","family":"Mehrvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Requirements for Biodegradable Water-Soluble Polymers","volume":"59","author":"Swift","year":"1997","journal-title":"Requir. 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The few studies that attempt to model electric minibus taxis\u2014vehicles extensively used in sub-Saharan Africa\u2019s public transport systems\u2014vary greatly in their results. This paper analyses, compares and corrects the only two existing studies that project energy consumption of electric minibus taxis in the region. One of the studies projected an energy consumption of 0.39 kWh\/km, while the other projected 0.93 kWh\/km. This paper carefully analyses the simulation tools and models and cumulatively applies corrections from the literature and scientific analyses. As a result, the discrepancy between the two simulation tools is eliminated for a given data input and a final energy consumption is estimated in the range of 0.49\u20130.52 kWh\/km, depending on the input data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj14080230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:38:31Z","timestamp":1692581911000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Aligned Simulation Models for Simulating Africa\u2019s Electric Minibus Taxis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4119-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris Joseph","family":"Abraham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of E&E Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0232-7440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnold","family":"Rix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of E&E Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marthinus Johannes","family":"Booysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervigni, R., Rogers, J.A., and Dvorak, I. 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For example, linear, freestream-fixed wake models cannot resolve effects related to wake deflection and roll-up, which can have significant affects on the induced drag projection of these systems. The present work investigates the principle impact of wake modelling on the accuracy of induced drag prediction of boxwings with stagger. The study compares induced drag predictions of a higher-order potential-flow method that uses fixed and relaxed-wake models, and of an Euler-flow method. Positive-staggered systems at positive angles of attack are found to be particularly prone to higher-order wake effects due to vertical contraction of wakes trajectories, which results in smaller effective height-to-span ratios than compared with negative stagger and thus closer interactions between trailing wakes and lifting surfaces. Therefore, when trying to predict induced drag of positive staggered boxwings, only a potential-flow method with a fully relaxed-wake model will provide the high-degree of accuracy that rivals that of an Euler method while being computationally significantly more efficient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace5010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T09:47:36Z","timestamp":1516787256000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Wake-Model Effects on Induced Drag Prediction of Staggered Boxwings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Schirra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Bissonnette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6tz","family":"Bramesfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroo, I.M. 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Aircr."}],"container-title":["Aerospace"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4310\/5\/1\/14\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:52:24Z","timestamp":1760194344000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4310\/5\/1\/14"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["aerospace5010014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/aerospace5010014","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/14668908.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/14668908","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2226-4310"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2226-4310","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:02Z","timestamp":1772253002459,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,7]],"date-time":"2015-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41231172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41231172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41301412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41301412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2012BAK12B00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012BAK12B00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sample data plays an important role in land cover (LC) map validation. Traditionally, they are collected through field survey or image interpretation, either of which is costly, labor-intensive and time-consuming. In recent years, massive geo-tagged texts are emerging on the web and they contain valuable information for LC map validation. However, this kind of special textual data has seldom been analyzed and used for supporting LC map validation. This paper examines the potential of geo-tagged web texts as a new cost-free sample data source to assist LC map validation and proposes an active data collection approach. The proposed approach uses a customized deep web crawler to search for geo-tagged web texts based on land cover-related keywords and string-based rules matching. A data transformation based on buffer analysis is then performed to convert the collected web texts into LC sample data. Using three provinces and three municipalities directly under the Central Government in China as study areas, geo-tagged web texts were collected to validate artificial surface class of China\u2019s 30-meter global land cover datasets (GlobeLand30-2010). A total of 6283 geo-tagged web texts were collected at a speed of 0.58 texts per second. The collected texts about built-up areas were transformed into sample data. User\u2019s accuracy of 82.2% was achieved, which is close to that derived from formal expert validation. The preliminary results show that geo-tagged web texts are valuable ancillary data for LC map validation and the proposed approach can improve the efficiency of sample data collection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70505805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,7]],"date-time":"2015-05-07T10:54:29Z","timestamp":1430996069000},"page":"5805-5827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Active Collection of Land Cover Sample Data from Geo-Tagged Web Texts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dongyang","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"National Geomatics Center of China, 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Geomatics Center of China, 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Geomatics Center of China, 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8244-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songnian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto,  ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Geomatics Center of China, 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Beijing 100830, China"},{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Geomatics Center of China, 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5243","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903131000","article-title":"Sampling designs for accuracy assessment of land cover","volume":"30","author":"Stehman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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The glass series consists of a Control (CaO\u2013ZnO\u2013SiO2), and LGa-1 and LGa-2 which contain Ga at the expense of zinc (Zn) in 0.08 mol% increments. The additions of Ga resulted in increased working time (75 s to 137 s) and setting time (113 to 254 s). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that this was a direct result of increased unreacted poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and the reduction of crosslink formation during cement maturation. LGa samples (0.16 wt % Ga) resulted in an altered ion release profile, particularly for 30 days analysis, with maximum Ca2+, Zn2+, Si4+ and Ga3+ ions released into the distilled water. The additions of Ga resulted in increased roughness and decreased contact angles during cement maturation. The presence of Ga has a positive effect on the compressive strength of the samples with strengths increasing over 10 MPa at 7 days analysis compared to the 1 day results. The additions of Ga had relatively no effect on the flexural strength. 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